Practice Quiz Chapter 07

. What is a hypothesis?

. A researcher can assess the relationship between two variables as set out in a hypothesis by considering which two things?

. If the higher values or attributes of one variable are associated with higher values or attributes of another variable then this is an indication of what kind of relationship?

. Calculate the Cohen's d using the following information: Mean 1 (the average mental health score for Group 1) equals 49.7, indicating that Group 1 had difficulty meeting basic expenses; mean 2 (the average score for Group 2) equals 54.9, indicating that Group 2 did not have difficulty meeting expenses; and the total value of standard deviation is 10.82.

. What kind of relationship is indicated by the Cohen's d score from the previous question?

. The logic of ______ underlies significance testing.

. What is a null hypothesis?

. Which two types of errors are possible when researchers assess the reliability of a relationship?

. What decision does a researcher make when the p-value is greater than or equal to the alpha value?

. To assess the reliability of sample data to indicate the existence of a relationship between two variables researchers rely on what?

. Which of the following is a general principle of the depiction of differences between group means via the use of a histogram?

. Calculate the Cohen's d using the following information: Mean 1 (the average mental health score for Group 1) equals 29.7, indicating that Group 1 had difficulty meeting basic expenses; mean 2 (the average mental health score for Group 1) equals 16.9, indicating that Group 2 did not have difficulty meeting expenses; and the total value of standard deviation is 18.82.

. What kind of relationship is indicated by the Cohen's d score from the previous question?

. Calculate the Cohen's d using the following information: Mean 1 (the average mental health score for Group 1) equals 79.7, indicating that Group 1 had difficulty meeting basic expenses; mean 2 (the average mental health score for Group 2) equals 87.3, indicating that Group 2 did not have difficulty meeting expenses; and the total value of standard deviation is 9.3.

. What kind of relationship is indicated by the Cohen's d score from the previous question?

. What do researchers use to determine if a sizable difference between group means in a sample is indicative of a difference in these group means in the population from which the sample was drawn?

. If the standard deviation of the sample means is equal to 7.7 and group 1's mean is 38.5 while group two's is 23.1, then what is the calculated t-statistic?

. In this question calculate the t-statistic from the following sample data. The first sample has 10 people with a mean of 74.4 and a standard deviation of 15.7. The second sample is comprised of 10 people as well, with a mean of 66.3 and a standard deviation of 18.7. What is the t-statistic?

. What is the shape of a t-distribution for smaller samples?

. What are degrees of freedom?

. Non-directional hypotheses make a statement about a relationship between variables and specify a direction for the hypothesis.

. In general, researchers prefer to use non-directional hypotheses because they make it possible to detect unexpected results.

. In a causal relationship it is easy to account for unexpected factors that may affect the relationship without experimental data.

. The magnitude of a relationship refers to the size or strength of a relationship.

. Decisions about which measure of association to use in an analysis depend on the level of measurement for each variable.

. The hardest way to assess the magnitude of a relationship between a categorical independent variable with two attributes and a ratio-level dependent variable is to compare the two group means.

. A Cohen's d of 1 indicates the difference between the group means is the same size as the standard deviation of the variable.

. Cohen's d does not provide researchers with a way of quantifying effect size by comparing it to established benchmarks.

. Reliability refers to how confident a researcher is that a relationship found in a sample exists in the larger population.

. Statistical significance tests use the normal distribution to calculate the probability of selecting a sample randomly with a relationship between two variables that does not exist in the population from which the sample was drawn.

. The choice of which test of significance to use when testing for a relationship between variables does not rely on knowing the variable's level of measurement.

. The null hypothesis is the opposite of the research hypothesis.

. A type I error is also known as a "false positive."

. A type II error is also known as a "false positive."

. Social science researchers typically try to obtain a p-value of less than 0.05 before they assert that a relationship is likely to exist in the population.

. A researcher who obtains a test statistic that is larger than the critical value for the probability distribution can assert that there is less than a 5 per cent chance of selecting a sample with the observed relationship, if no relationship exists in the population.

. By chance, a researcher might randomly select a sample that shows a relationship between two variables even if this relationship doesn't exist between the two variables in the wider population.

. Another way to state the null hypothesis is to say that the group means are not equal in the population.

. Like other sampling distributions, the sampling distribution of mean differences is not centered on the population parameter.

. If the group means are equal in the population, then a researcher has a lower chance of selecting a sample with unequal group means.

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